In our hearts, the aortic valve is an important element that helps to control blood flow. However, if this valve becomes too narrow or doesn’t open properly, it becomes hard for the heart to pump blood. Due to this, the patient experiences a condition known as aortic stenosis. Fixing this heart problem requires open-heart surgery, which is known as transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Let’s discuss transcatheter aortic valve replacement, its recovery time, the associated risks, and the complete procedure.
What Is Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)?
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a procedure that helps to replace a diseased aortic valve with a man-made valve. The replacement can also be performed with open-heart surgery. This condition occurs when your valve becomes stiffer and when you have a heart condition known as aortic stenosis. Not curing this condition may lead to an increase in heart failure.
The aortic valve is an essential part of your heart as it manages blood flow as the blood leaves your heart. During the TAVR procedure, the heart expert will evaluate the heart condition and perform the surgery if required.
Aortic stenosis can happen to anyone, and it is an age-related condition. In some cases, other health conditions such as rheumatic heart disease or bicuspid aortic valve can cause aortic stenosis.
What Is the Procedure of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
At the beginning of your appointment, the heart doctor conducts diagnostic tests that fit your medical needs. Tests determine the extent of heart problems along with needed treatment measures.
Medical assessment with this test allows doctors to measure heart blood flow while identifying potential heart complications.
Blood Test
Doctors will suggest testing these measures after examination. A blood test allows doctors to check heart health by measuring cholesterol levels while assessing kidney function, detecting infections, and examining anemia and inflammation levels or clotting problems ahead of the procedure.
Echocardiography
Through echocardiography, the doctor monitors live heart images to evaluate blood movement while assessing valve operation. Aortic stenosis severity analysis, along with heart muscle performance assessment, depends on this test.
Electrocardiogram and CT Scan
Medical practitioners use electrocardiogram (EKG) testing as it records heart electrical signals, which helps determine irregular heart rhythms and previous heart attacks and shows indications of valve disease-induced heart strain. This information provides essential data that doctors need for constructing treatment strategies.
Through a computed tomography (CT) scan, the professional can obtain detailed measurements of heart infrastructure as well as arterial structure.
Other Procedure
The expert will use a thin tube to measure artery pressure and then perform examinations of potential blockages during this procedure. The procedure provides doctors with accurate knowledge about both blood flow patterns and valve operating status before valve replacement surgery.
Once all diagnostic tests are done, the doctor will discuss the heart results and what to expect during and after the procedure. It is important to ask your heart specialist if and when you need to stop taking medicines.
What Happens During TAVR?
Initially, you will receive sedation from a heart specialist to keep you from feeling pain and then some medicines to prevent blood clots. The complete procedure is performed by an interventional cardiologist.
After receiving anesthesia, the doctor will insert a thin, flexible tube into a blood vessel, usually in the groin or chest. It helps to assess the heart more closely. Later, with the help of X-ray imaging, the doctor will guide the catheter through the artery to the aortic valve. Further, the doctor will inject a contrast dye to get a clear view of the heart’s structure.
Now, a collapsible artificial valve is positioned inside the diseased aortic valve. Later, the new valve expands and pushes the old valve aside and restores normal blood flow. The doctor will make sure the new valve is functioning properly by checking the blood flow, valve positioning, and any potential leakage.
After completing the procedure, the catheter is removed, and the incision site is closed. The doctor will monitor your condition in the hospital for a few days to check for complications and ensure a smooth recovery.
Recovery Process of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
After the procedure is done, the medical attendant will take you to a recovery room, and the heart expert will monitor your condition. Further, they will check your heart, blood pressure, and overall heart health. You may be required to stay for a few days.
During the Treatment
Depending upon your condition, you will be discharged. The recovery usually takes 5 to 8 days; during this phase, you may feel tired or have mild chest discomfort. It is essential to rest and avoid strenuous activities. You will receive specific instructions from the doctor on how to take care of yourself at home.
After the Treatment
Some patients can return to light activities within a week; however, full recovery can take a few weeks. During this time, the doctor will suggest walking and making gentle movements to improve blood circulation and speed up healing.
Lifestyle Changes After TAVR
The heart doctor will suggest quitting smoking and reducing alcohol consumption to lower the risk of complications. In addition, these lifestyle changes are suggested for long-term effects and to manage stress. You can manage stress after the TAVR procedure through relaxation techniques, meditation, or social activities. The doctor will also recommend following a heart-healthy diet.
Risks Factors of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
There are several risks associated with transcatheter aortic valve replacement, including:
Paravalvular Leak
A paravalvular leak occurs when blood flows around the new valve instead of through it. It happens if the valve doesn’t properly function or seal due to improper sizing. It can have different symptoms, such as shortness of breath or fatigue.
Stroke
During the procedure of TAVR, small blood clots or calcium debris travel to the brain. It increases the risk of stroke in your heart and can lead to weakness, speech difficulties, or vision problems. To reduce the risk, the doctor may use embolic protection devices.
Irregular Heart Rhythms
The heart’s electrical system may get disrupted by the TAVR procedure, which leads to irregular heart rhythms. You may require a pacemaker if your heart rhythm does not return to normal.
Bleeding
The TAVR procedure involves inserting a catheter through blood vessels. Hence, there is a risk of bleeding, vessel damage, or clot formation. It can cause swelling, bruising, or pain at the insertion site. The careful placement, advanced imaging, and proper post-procedure care reduce the chances of complications.
Kidney Damage
To assess the heart structure properly, the doctor will insert contrast dye. The dye can affect kidney function, especially if you have pre-existing kidney disease. Other symptoms include reduced urine output or swelling. It is better to stay hydrated and monitor kidney function.
Why Should Some People Not Undergo TAVR?
Though TAVR is a life-saving procedure, it may not be suitable for everyone. If you have severe blood vessel disease, it can cause serious bleeding, vessel rupture, or blockage. In addition, some patients have ongoing infections; they should avoid TAVR until the infection is completely treated. In addition, it is better to consult a heart specialist before undergoing any such procedure.
You may have uncontrolled bleeding disorders or a history of major strokes. Besides, TAVR requires blood thinners, so you may face a higher risk of excessive bleeding or stroke, making the procedure too dangerous.
Conclusion
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a groundbreaking procedure, offering new hope for many patients with aortic stenosis. As we have seen how the procedure works, different tests are required for you to diagnose any other condition, risks, and complications associated with the procedure. It is essential to consult a heart specialist and get better clarity on your heart condition. Book an appointment today and get a thorough solution to your cardiology needs.
FAQs
What Not To Eat After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)?
The doctor will suggest avoiding processed foods, excessive salt, saturated fats, and sugary items. It is better to limit your consumption of red meat, fried foods, and alcohol. Try to focus on a heart-healthy diet with fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy to support recovery.
How Much Should I Walk After a Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)?
Do not strain yourself with brisk walking; you can start with short walks around the house. Later, gradually increase the speed to 10-15 minutes daily. Do not exert yourself and listen to your body. Most patients can resume normal walking within a few weeks but should follow their doctor’s guidance for a safe recovery.
What Is The Most Common Complication Of TAVR?
The most common complication with TAVR is paravalvular leak. It happens with blood leaks around the new valve. It occurs due to improper valve sizing, calcium deposits, and irregular valve shape. Later, the symptoms of this complication include shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling in legs, and dizziness or fainting.